Which steroid is used for microbial biotransformation?
Which steroid is used for microbial biotransformation?
Progesterone transformation of a C-19 steroid is used industrially in the production of testosterone and estrogen and the microbial dehydration of ring A is used in estrogen production.
What is steroid biotransformation?
Several biotransformations at industrial scale have been applied in the production of steroid hormones and drugs, which have functionalized different types of raw materials by means of chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective reactions (hydroxylation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, oxidation reactions, reduction of group …
What do you mean by microbial biotransformation?
Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another to reduce the persistence and toxicity of the chemical compounds. This process is aided by major range of microorganisms and their products such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes.
What are the phases of biotransformation?
Reactions classify as Phase I, Phase II, or Phase III. It is important to note that these reactions do not have to take place sequentially and can even take place in reverse, Phase II, and then Phase I, or as a single reaction. Phase I metabolism consists of reduction, oxidation, or hydrolysis reactions.
What is the principle of biotransformation?
Biotransformation is the process by which substances that enter the body are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic molecules to facilitate elimination from the body. This process usually generates products with few or no toxicological effects.
What are the two phases of biotransformation?
Biotransformation of organic xenobiotics normally proceed in a first step of oxidation (phase I) that introduces a reactive group in the xenobiotic, and a second step of conjugation (phase II) with a nontoxic endogenous metabolite that yields an excretable product.
What are the 3 main functions of steroids?
Steroids have an important role in growth, development, sexual differentiation and reproduction.
What are examples of biotransformation?
Wine and beer making are examples of biotransformations that have been practiced since ancient times. Vinegar has long been produced by fermentation, involving the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. Cheesemaking traditionally relies on microbes to convert dairy precursors.
What is the main purpose of biotransformation?
The major purpose of biotransformation is to chemically modify (metabolize) poorly excretable lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic chemicals that are readily excreted in urine and/or bile. Without metabolism, lipophilic xenobiotics accumulate in biota, increasing the potential for toxicity.
What are the main functions of steroids?
Steroids have an important role in growth, development, sexual differentiation and reproduction. All four classes of steroids, androgens, oestrogens, progestogens and glucocorticoids, have varying effects on the brain.
What are the four types of steroids?
The major classes of steroid hormones, as noted above (with their prominent members and functions), are the progestogens, corticosteroids (corticoids), androgens, and estrogens.
Which process is involved in biotransformation?
These reactions include conjugation reactions, glucuronidation, acetylation, and sulfation. The ultimate goal of phase II reactions is to form water-soluble products that can be excreted by the body. A drug can ultimately undergo further metabolism during Phase III.
What are steroids in microbiology?
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes which alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules.
Which microorganism is used in steroid production?
Table 2
| Substrate | Main product | Microorganism |
|---|---|---|
| Cortisone acetate | Prednisone acetate | A. simplex 156 |
| AD | 9OH-AD | E. coli BL21 |
| AD | 9OH-AD | E. coli BL21 |
| AD | 9OH-AD | B. subtilis 168 |
What is an example of steroid biotransformation?
This process requires 37 steps many of which must be carried out under extreme condition of temperature and pressure with the resulting product costing over $200 per gram. So cortisone synthesis is an example of steroid biotransformation.
What are the key reactions of steroid functionalization by microorganisms?
The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions.
Are steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells?
Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology.
Are microorganisms able to produce AD as an intermediate in sterol degradation?
Microorganisms which are able to utilize sterols as their sole energy and carbon source are reported to have the ability to produce AD as an intermediate in the sterol degradation pathway [ 13 ].